![]() Li-ion batteries are based on the intercalation and deintercalation of Li ions. ![]() The anodes in Li-ions are made from materials such as graphite, silicon, and silicon oxides that can act as hosts for Li-ions delivered by the cathode (a discussion of Li-ion anodes can be found in “Li-ion Parts 3 – Anodes”) Today’s Li-ions were developed to eliminate elemental Li by moving the active material from the anode to the cathode, resulting in a much safer structure. However, these Li-metal-based rechargeable batteries were inherently unsafe due to Li dendrites piercing the separator, shorting the battery, and causing fires. ![]() From the 1960s to the early 1980s, various Li-free cathodes were paired with metallic Li anodes to produce rechargeable batteries. Today’s Li-based cathode materials are a relatively new development. This FAQ begins with a brief look at the longer-term trajectory of Li-ion cathode developments, dives into cathode structures and chemistries currently being used, and closes by reviewing efforts to develop Co-free, and Li-free cathodes, including the use of disordered rocksalts, needed to support long-range electric vehicles, electric aircraft, and other advanced applications. Today’s common cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) based cathodes were developed to overcome safety concerns with Li-metal anodes. Among the various components involved in a lithium-ion cell, cathodes (the positive or oxidizing electrodes) currently limit the energy density and dominate the battery cost. ![]()
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